Children’s Eye Cancer: What To Know About It?

Children’s Eye Cancer: What to Know About It?

Eye cancer in children, though rare, is a serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. The most common type of eye cancer in children is retinoblastoma, which primarily affects children under the age of five. Understanding the condition, its symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for parents and caregivers.

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What is Retinoblastoma?

Retinoblastoma is a cancer that begins in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. It occurs when genetic mutations lead to the uncontrolled growth of retinal cells. This cancer can occur in one or both eyes and may be hereditary or non-hereditary.

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Signs and Symptoms

Early detection of retinoblastoma is vital for successful treatment. Watch out for these signs:

1. Leukocoria (White Reflex): A white or cloudy appearance in the pupil when light is shone in the eye.
2. Crossed Eyes (Strabismus): Misaligned eyes or a squint.
3. Vision Problems: Difficulty seeing or an unusual gaze.
4. Eye Redness or Swelling: Persistent redness or swelling without an apparent cause.
5. Pain in the Eye: Unexplained discomfort or pain.

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Causes and Risk Factors

1. Genetic Mutations: Mutations in the RB1 gene are the primary cause.
2. Family History: Children with a family history of retinoblastoma have a higher risk.
3. Age: Most cases occur in children under five years old.

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Diagnosis

If retinoblastoma is suspected, a detailed examination is conducted, which may include:

• Eye Examination Under Anaesthesia (EUA): To closely inspect the retina.
• Imaging Tests: Such as ultrasound, MRI, or CT scans to determine the extent of the tumour.
• Genetic Testing: To identify mutations and assess hereditary risks.

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Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the size, location, and extent of the tumour and may include:

1. Chemotherapy: To shrink the tumour and control its spread.
2. Cryotherapy or Laser Therapy: To destroy small tumours.
3. Radiation Therapy: For more extensive tumours.
4. Surgery: Removal of the affected eye (enucleation) in advanced cases to prevent cancer spread.

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Prognosis

With early detection and treatment, the survival rate for children with retinoblastoma is high. However, vision preservation depends on the tumour’s size and location. Regular follow-ups are essential to monitor for recurrence or related conditions.

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Preventive Measures and Awareness

• Genetic Counseling: For families with a history of retinoblastoma.
• Regular Eye Check-ups: Especially for children at higher risk.
• Awareness: Educating parents about early signs can save lives.

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Retinoblastoma is a treatable cancer when identified early. Parents should trust their instincts and consult an ophthalmologist if they notice any unusual changes in their child’s eyes. Timely intervention is the key to safeguarding the child’s vision and overall health.

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